> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://deeplearning4j.konduit.ai/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://deeplearning4j.konduit.ai/en-1.0.0-beta7/model-import/overview-1/losses.md).

# Losses

### Keras Loss Functions

DL4J supports all standard Keras loss functions except `logcosh`. Loss function mapping is implemented in [KerasLossUtils](https://github.com/eclipse/deeplearning4j/blob/master/deeplearning4j/deeplearning4j-modelimport/src/main/java/org/deeplearning4j/nn/modelimport/keras/utils/KerasLossUtils.java).

***

### Loss Mapping Table

| Keras Loss                                | DL4J Loss Class        | Supported |
| ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | --------- |
| `mean_squared_error` / `mse`              | `LossMSE`              | Yes       |
| `mean_absolute_error` / `mae`             | `LossMAE`              | Yes       |
| `mean_absolute_percentage_error` / `mape` | `LossMAPE`             | Yes       |
| `mean_squared_logarithmic_error` / `msle` | `LossMSLE`             | Yes       |
| `squared_hinge`                           | `LossSquaredHinge`     | Yes       |
| `hinge`                                   | `LossHinge`            | Yes       |
| `categorical_hinge`                       | `LossCategoricalHinge` | Yes       |
| `logcosh`                                 | —                      | No        |
| `categorical_crossentropy`                | `LossMCXENT`           | Yes       |
| `sparse_categorical_crossentropy`         | `LossSparseMCXENT`     | Yes       |
| `binary_crossentropy`                     | `LossBinaryXENT`       | Yes       |
| `kullback_leibler_divergence` / `kld`     | `LossKLD`              | Yes       |
| `poisson`                                 | `LossPoisson`          | Yes       |
| `cosine_proximity`                        | `LossCosineProximity`  | Yes       |

***

### Loss Descriptions

#### mean\_squared\_error

Mean of squared differences between predictions and targets. Standard regression loss.

```
MSE = mean((y_true - y_pred)^2)
```

Use for regression tasks with normally distributed errors.

#### mean\_absolute\_error

Mean of absolute differences. More robust to outliers than MSE.

```
MAE = mean(|y_true - y_pred|)
```

#### mean\_absolute\_percentage\_error

Scale-independent percentage error.

```
MAPE = mean(|y_true - y_pred| / |y_true|) * 100
```

#### mean\_squared\_logarithmic\_error

Useful when targets span several orders of magnitude.

```
MSLE = mean((log(1 + y_pred) - log(1 + y_true))^2)
```

#### squared\_hinge

Squared hinge loss for binary classification with labels in {-1, +1}.

```
squared_hinge = mean(max(0, 1 - y_true * y_pred)^2)
```

#### hinge

Standard SVM-style hinge loss.

```
hinge = mean(max(0, 1 - y_true * y_pred))
```

#### categorical\_hinge

Multi-class hinge loss variant.

#### categorical\_crossentropy

Standard multi-class cross-entropy. Requires one-hot encoded targets and softmax output.

```
categorical_crossentropy = -sum(y_true * log(y_pred))
```

#### sparse\_categorical\_crossentropy

Same as categorical\_crossentropy but accepts integer class indices rather than one-hot vectors.

#### binary\_crossentropy

Binary cross-entropy for binary or multi-label classification with sigmoid output.

```
binary_crossentropy = -y_true * log(y_pred) - (1 - y_true) * log(1 - y_pred)
```

#### kullback\_leibler\_divergence

Measures divergence between two distributions.

```
KLD = sum(y_true * log(y_true / y_pred))
```

Use for variational autoencoders and distributional matching.

#### poisson

Poisson loss for count-based predictions.

```
poisson = mean(y_pred - y_true * log(y_pred))
```

#### cosine\_proximity

Negative cosine similarity. Used for metric learning and similarity tasks.

```
cosine_proximity = -sum(y_true * y_pred) / (||y_true|| * ||y_pred||)
```

***

### logcosh (Not Supported)

`logcosh` (log of the hyperbolic cosine of the prediction error) is not implemented in DL4J. Use `mean_absolute_error` as an alternative for outlier-robust regression tasks.

***

### Notes

Loss functions are read from the Keras training configuration embedded in the HDF5 file. They are only present when the model was compiled (`model.compile(...)`) and saved with `model.save()`. When loading for inference only, pass `enforceTrainingConfig=false` to bypass training configuration parsing.