> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://deeplearning4j.konduit.ai/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://deeplearning4j.konduit.ai/en-1.0.0-rewrite/configuration/build-tools.md). # Build Tools (Gradle, SBT) ### Overview While Maven is the primary build tool used and tested by the DL4J team, the library works with other JVM build systems. This page documents setup for Gradle (Groovy and Kotlin DSL), SBT, Leiningen (Clojure), and Ivy. The core dependency pattern is the same across all tools: you need `deeplearning4j-core` and exactly one ND4J backend (`nd4j-native-platform` for CPU or `nd4j-cuda-12.9-platform` for GPU). ### Gradle #### Groovy DSL (build.gradle) ```groovy plugins { id 'java' } repositories { mavenCentral() } ext { dl4jVersion = '1.0.0-rewrite' } dependencies { // Core DL4J implementation "org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-core:${dl4jVersion}" // CPU backend (replace with nd4j-cuda-12.9-platform for GPU) implementation "org.nd4j:nd4j-native-platform:${dl4jVersion}" // Logging implementation 'ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.11' } ``` #### Kotlin DSL (build.gradle.kts) ```kotlin plugins { java } repositories { mavenCentral() } val dl4jVersion = "1.0.0-rewrite" dependencies { implementation("org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-core:$dl4jVersion") implementation("org.nd4j:nd4j-native-platform:$dl4jVersion") implementation("ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.11") } ``` #### GPU with Gradle Replace the CPU backend: ```groovy // Groovy implementation "org.nd4j:nd4j-cuda-12.9-platform:${dl4jVersion}" // Add cuDNN helper if needed implementation "org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-cuda-12.9:${dl4jVersion}" ``` ```kotlin // Kotlin DSL implementation("org.nd4j:nd4j-cuda-12.9-platform:$dl4jVersion") implementation("org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-cuda-12.9:$dl4jVersion") ``` #### Additional Modules with Gradle ```groovy dependencies { implementation "org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-core:${dl4jVersion}" implementation "org.nd4j:nd4j-native-platform:${dl4jVersion}" // Optional: UI for training visualization implementation "org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-ui:${dl4jVersion}" // Optional: Keras model import implementation "org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-modelimport:${dl4jVersion}" // Optional: DataVec for data loading implementation "org.datavec:datavec-api:${dl4jVersion}" // Optional: Arbiter hyperparameter optimization implementation "org.deeplearning4j:arbiter-deeplearning4j:${dl4jVersion}" } ``` #### Dependency Resolution in Gradle Gradle's dependency resolution differs from Maven's. If you encounter version conflicts: ```groovy configurations.all { resolutionStrategy { // Force a specific JavaCPP version to match DL4J's expectation force 'org.bytedeco:javacpp:1.5.8' } } ``` To exclude a transitive dependency: ```groovy implementation("com.example:some-library:1.0") { exclude group: 'org.bytedeco', module: 'javacpp' } ``` #### Gradle and Snapshot Builds Gradle has a known issue with snapshot artifacts that use Maven classifiers (the `-platform` artifacts). If you need snapshots, add the Sonatype snapshots repository and prefer non-platform classifiers with an explicit OS classifier: ```groovy repositories { maven { url 'https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots' } mavenCentral() } dependencies { implementation "org.deeplearning4j:deeplearning4j-core:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT" implementation "org.nd4j:nd4j-native:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT" // Add the OS-specific classifier explicitly implementation "org.nd4j:nd4j-native:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT:linux-x86_64" } ``` See the [Snapshots](https://github.com/KonduitAI/deeplearning4j-docs/blob/en-1.0.0-rewrite/docs/m2.1/config/snapshots/README.md) page for the full workaround. For production use, Maven is recommended for snapshot dependencies due to [a Gradle bug](https://github.com/gradle/gradle/issues/2882) with classifier-based snapshot resolution. ### SBT #### build.sbt ```scala ThisBuild / scalaVersion := "2.13.10" ThisBuild / version := "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT" lazy val dl4jVersion = "1.0.0-rewrite" lazy val root = (project in file(".")) .settings( name := "my-dl4j-project", libraryDependencies ++= Seq( "org.deeplearning4j" % "deeplearning4j-core" % dl4jVersion, "org.nd4j" % "nd4j-native-platform" % dl4jVersion, "ch.qos.logback" % "logback-classic" % "1.2.11" ) ) ``` #### SBT with GPU ```scala libraryDependencies ++= Seq( "org.deeplearning4j" % "deeplearning4j-core" % dl4jVersion, "org.nd4j" % "nd4j-cuda-12.9-platform" % dl4jVersion, "org.deeplearning4j" % "deeplearning4j-cuda-12.9" % dl4jVersion ) ``` #### SBT Resolvers for Snapshots ```scala resolvers += "Sonatype Snapshots" at "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots" lazy val dl4jVersion = "1.0.0-SNAPSHOT" ``` #### SBT Assembly (fat JAR) Add the sbt-assembly plugin to `project/plugins.sbt`: ```scala addSbtPlugin("com.eed3si9n" % "sbt-assembly" % "2.1.1") ``` Then in `build.sbt`: ```scala assembly / assemblyMergeStrategy := { case PathList("META-INF", _*) => MergeStrategy.discard case _ => MergeStrategy.first } ``` Run with `sbt assembly` to produce a fat JAR. **Note:** SBT, like Gradle, requires explicit openblas dependencies when using `nd4j-native` without the `-platform` wrapper. The `-platform` artifact handles this automatically. See the [nd4j-native-platform pom](https://github.com/eclipse/deeplearning4j/blob/master/nd4j/nd4j-backends/nd4j-backend-impls/nd4j-native-platform/pom.xml) to check the required openblas version if you manage dependencies manually. ### Leiningen (Clojure) [Leiningen](https://leiningen.org/) uses a Clojure-based build file. Add DL4J via the `:dependencies` vector in `project.clj`: ```clojure (defproject my-dl4j-project "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT" :description "DL4J Clojure project" :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.11.1"] [org.deeplearning4j/deeplearning4j-core "1.0.0-rewrite"] [org.nd4j/nd4j-native-platform "1.0.0-rewrite"] [ch.qos.logback/logback-classic "1.2.11"]] :jvm-opts ["-Xmx4g" "-Dorg.bytedeco.javacpp.maxbytes=6g"] :main ^:skip-aot my-dl4j-project.core :target-path "target/%s" :profiles {:uberjar {:aot :all}}) ``` #### Leiningen with GPU ```clojure :dependencies [[org.deeplearning4j/deeplearning4j-core "1.0.0-rewrite"] [org.nd4j/nd4j-cuda-12.9-platform "1.0.0-rewrite"] [org.deeplearning4j/deeplearning4j-cuda-12.9 "1.0.0-rewrite"]] ``` #### Leiningen Snapshots ```clojure :repositories [["sonatype-snapshots" "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots"]] :dependencies [[org.deeplearning4j/deeplearning4j-core "1.0.0-SNAPSHOT"] [org.nd4j/nd4j-native-platform "1.0.0-SNAPSHOT"]] ``` **Note:** After downloading via Leiningen, you may need to double-click the downloaded JAR files to register them in your local Maven repository if you are working with Eclipse or another IDE. ### Ivy For Ant-based builds using Ivy, add the following to your `ivy.xml`: ```xml ``` Add the Maven Central resolver to `ivysettings.xml`: ```xml ``` ### Dependency Resolution Tips #### Verify which backend is loaded Regardless of build tool, add this to your main method to confirm the correct ND4J backend is active: ```java System.out.println(Nd4j.getBackend().getClass().getName()); // CPU: org.nd4j.linalg.cpu.nativecpu.CpuBackend // GPU: org.nd4j.linalg.jcublas.JCublasBackend ``` #### Common build issues **Issue:** `UnsatisfiedLinkError` or missing native library at runtime. **Cause:** The platform classifier was not resolved, or openblas is missing. **Fix:** Use the `-platform` artifact, or manually add the openblas dependency matching the version in the [nd4j-native-platform pom](https://github.com/eclipse/deeplearning4j/blob/master/nd4j/nd4j-backends/nd4j-backend-impls/nd4j-native-platform/pom.xml). **Issue:** Multiple backends on classpath (both `nd4j-native` and `nd4j-cuda` present). **Cause:** Transitive dependency pulled in an unwanted backend. **Fix:** Exclude the unwanted backend explicitly in your build file. **Issue:** Wrong Java version. **Cause:** DL4J 1.0.0-rewrite requires Java 11+. **Fix:** Set `sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11` in Gradle or `11` in Maven. ### Related Pages * [Maven Setup](https://github.com/KonduitAI/deeplearning4j-docs/blob/en-1.0.0-rewrite/docs/m2.1/config/maven/README.md) — full Maven pom.xml reference * [GPU and CPU Setup](https://github.com/KonduitAI/deeplearning4j-docs/blob/en-1.0.0-rewrite/docs/m2.1/config/gpu-cpu/README.md) — backend selection * [Snapshots](https://github.com/KonduitAI/deeplearning4j-docs/blob/en-1.0.0-rewrite/docs/m2.1/config/snapshots/README.md) — using nightly builds --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. 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